Neither Up Nor DownVinod Vyaslu and Sarthi Acharya MARX ON EXPLOITATION AND INEQUALITY By A. Bose Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1980, pp. 237, Rs. 70.00 VOLUME V NUMBER 1 July/August 1980 This is
the third book of the trilogy that Bose has been working on, wherein he has
painstakingly and with meticulous precision worked out detailed proofs and
consistency exercises on Marx's Fundamental Theorem of Exploitation. Bose reads
Marx as a theorist who has propounded two distinct approaches to the study of
capitalist exploitation: one based on the labour theory of value and the other
based on the capital theory. These two approaches, he maintains, are mutually
exclusive and independent, and have their own role to play in analysis and history.
There are many others who share this view.
The principal point of the book is to show that the
labour-value approach is inadequate to prove Marx's fundamental exploitation
theorem. He shows that wage-differentials, exploitation and the like would
exist even in a post-capitalist society if the exploitation theory is worked on
labour value. The 'unstructured version', as Bose calls it, is not a valid
Kuhn paradigm and cannot be used as a scientific basis to eradicate capitalism.
Instead, Bose is satisfied with the 'capital theory approach' of Marx in explaining
capitalistic exploitation. He finds the capital theory approach, which says
that capital is not a commodity but coercive social power, to be valid in the
Kuhn paradigm and logically consistent and to have acted as a powerful vehicle
against capitalism and the establishment of a socialistic order in dozens of
countries. This is as far as his results go. One is at a loss, however, to
understand how this distinction is useful for further clarity on revolutionary
action, strategy or even understanding class forces.
Bose's book is full of theorems, lemmas and axioms,
typical of the neo-classical economic theories and looks somewhat abstract
and esoteric. A frank admission is that the reviewers have not been able to
fully follow its mathematical rigour. However, a point needs to be mentioned
here. An orthodox Marxian would be quite uncomfortable with the set of axioms
presented; for example, the impossibility theorems, which state that labour and
commodities are both sources of wealth, value, surplus value and profit, are
more neo-Sraffan than Marxian in nature. Further, the Bose-axiomatic approach
to Marxian analysis may not be acceptable in conventional Marxism.
The book pivots on the strong and weak forms of the
fundamental Marxian theorem,
the various forms of which have earlier been examined by Morishima and
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